What is gastritis?

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Introduction
              Stomach is a main part of digestive system which break down food into absorbable form later on in intestine it easily absorbed into the blood through small and large intestine. It has four layer serosa, muscularis, submucosa and mucosa.
Now  gastritis is that abnormal condition of stomach in which  layers of stomach inflamed and painful  mostly it start from the inner most layer of stomach  called mucosa.
Initially gastritis begin when any foreign stimulus cause to damage the mucosal layer of stomach gradually that stimulus damage first layer then next layer submucosa then third layer muscularis and last if not treated it damage mucosa and spread around the stomach. for more about stomachhttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-is-stomach-and-their-role-in-human.html

How stomach protect its self?
stomach protect its self with the help of below mentioned methods.
1-      Layers
It has four layer on of  that four layer is muscularis  which is third layer from inner side that is made-up of three type of muscle longitudinal, circular and oblique muscle. That protect stomach from external trauma and foreign particle where they unable to penetrate into the stomach. In this way stomach get protection through its layers.
2-      HCL ( Hydrochloric Acid )
Parietal cell in the mucosal layer of stomach produce HCL which is responsible for the killing of foreign particles those are harmful for our survival.
3-      Mucosa
Mucous is a gel like substance that is made-up of water, electrolyte, mucin and antimicrobial substance that is produce by the surface mucous cell or foveolar  cell.
It has capability to kill small number of microbes and reduce the acidity of HCL which is produced from parietal cell
4-      Bicarbonates
Bicarbonates produced by the mucosal layer of stomach.  HCO3 or Bicarbonate  neutralize hydrochloric acid if bicarbonate will not neutralize HCL they react with the layer of stomach and cause to damage it.
HCO3 it react with HCL and formed H2CO3.
H2CO3 it get conversation into H2O and CO2 with the help of carbonic acid.

for more about role of bicarbonates in body https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/06/what-is-difference-between-metabolic.html
Causes of gastritis
1-      Severe physical stress or injury
If we intake any thing that is too hot or suddenly ingest sharp particle that cause damage to the layer of stomach which become inflamed that is gastritis.
·       Head injury
·       Shock
·       Sepsis
·       Surgery major
All these processes decrease the blood flow toward stomach which cause gastritis.
2-      Alcoholism
Alcohol directly attack on the epithelial cell of stomach which affect releasing capacity of gastric epithelial cell  where they produce bicarbonates and mucous which are responsible for the neutralization of HCL if these substance will not neutralize HCL they directly attack on the epithelial layer of stomach later on they become gastritis.
 
3-      Smoking
Smoking reduce blood flow toward mucosal epithelium they directly reduce the flow of bicarbonates and mucous as a result the neutralization of HCL decreased which caused the layer of stomach to damaged

4-      Bile reflux
Normally bile produce from gallbladder into duodenum sometime it  move from duodenum  into stomach that bile also contain bile salt which directly damage the epithelial cell of stomach as a result inflammation occur.
5-      Corrosive substance
Strong acidic or basic substance that cause directly damage to the epithelial cell of stomach as a result inflammation occur later on they become gastritis.
6-      Chemotherapy and radiation
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy or radiation when apply on the human body they attack on those type of cells which are dividing rapidly. Mucosal epithelial layer cell of stomach are such type of cell normally they divide rapidly their rapid division is not abnormal but during this therapy they detect them as abnormal and destroy them. When mucosal cell damaged they cause inflammation and later on they become gastritis.
7-      Infection
Some microorganism cause directly damage to the epithelial cell of stomach and some of them produce chemical they attack on the mucous epithelial cell they cause inflammation and gastritis.
e.g H.phlori
8-      Autoimmune disorder
In this  type of disorder immune system attacks on the parietal cell of stomach which is responsible for HCL and intrinsic factor when HCL increase attacks of microorganism and when intrinsic factor decrease, vitamin B12 decrease in the body which cause pernicious anemia. for more about vitamin B12 deficiency https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/02/role-of-vitamin-b12-and-its-related.html
9-      NSAIDs
 Non Steroid Anti Inflammatory   Drugs are the class of Analgesic drug which reduce pain in the body e.g   Naproxen ,Diclofenac,  Ibuprofen and  Aspirin.
There is an enzyme in the body called COX ( Cyclooxygenase) which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins this normally function is the enhancement  of pain, inflammation, fever and also protect the mucousal membrane by increasing the gastric secretion.
NSAIDs cause the inhibition of COX enzyme which cause reduction of prostaglandin secretion. In the above paragraph we discussed about the prostaglandin which also protect mucosal secretion which enhance mucosal layer protection. When we enhanced NSAIDs which reduced prostaglandins production as a result due to low gastric secretion cause the HCl damage the mucosal layer later on which cause gastritis.

Types of gastritis 
There are two types of gastritis.
1-      Acute gastritis
It is the type of gastritis in which sudden damage to the epithelial layer of stomach due to any stimulus that cause the inflammation of stomach is called gastritis.
Symptoms
·       Nausea
·       Vomiting
·       Burning in chest
·       Upper abdominal pain
·       Loss of appeptites
·       Hematemesis
2-      Chronic gastritis
 
It this type of gastritis in which gradually damage to the epithelial layer of  stomach which cause inflammation to the epithelial layer of stomach which late one month or longer than it this is called chronic gastritis.
 
-      Nausea
-      Upper abdominal pain
-      Loss of appeptites
-      Hematemesis
-       Belching
-       Bloating
-      Early satiety
Diagnosis
·       Patient history
·       Upper GI endoscopy
·       MRI
·       Ultra sound
·       CT Scan
·       Test for H.pylori
·       CBC
Treatment
·       First we will illuminate the cause which enhance gastritis or gastritis occur due to which factor
·       Acid reducing medicine
·       Treat H.pylori
·       Stop alcohol and smoking
·       Antacid
Prevention from gastritis
·       Stop smoking
·       Stop alcoholism
·       Use NSAIDs carefully
·       Prevent yourself from physical trauma
·       Maintain your health for more about human health https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/01/what-is-human-health.html
·       Avoid unnecessary medicines

  reference

WHO -World Health Organization
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


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