ROLE OF VITAMIN B12 AND ITS RELATED DISEASE IN HUMAN BODY

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 Introduction

Vitamin B12 is also known as Cobalamin and its water soluble vitamin.

Its play a vital role in the nervous functioning ,blood formation and destruction, Cellular metabolism and DNA synthesized. Its significant amount is stored in liver.

Cobalamin has three units

*Central Cobalt atom

*Corrin ring

*Nucleotide side chain



Function of Vitamin B12

1. Role in DNA synthesis 

 *Vitamin B12 act as coenzyme 

* It activate Folic acid which is necessary for DNA synthesis 

*Formation of thymidine which is important for DNA replication and repair.

* Purine is the basic structure of DNA  and Vitamin B12 is essential for the formation of purine

 2. Role in energy metabolism

* It doesn't provide energy like glucose but help in energy production.

* It act as coenzyme and convert food into usable energy like ATP.

* Vitamin B12 play a vital role in the DNA synthesize especially in rapid growth cell like RBCs

* Healthy RBCs transport oxygen efficiently we can say that it play a role in oxygen transportation 


* Its essential for myelin synthesis and nervous conduction

*It regenrate active folate which is essential for neucleotide  formation

3. Role in nervous systems 

* It is essential  for myelin synthesis and its maintenance ( myelin is a protective  covering around the nerve)

* Role in DNA synthesis in nervous that is necessary for supporting nerve cell

* it is important in neurotransmitter synthesize e.g methionine synthesis ( it is necessary for SAM formation  and same play a vital role in mood regulation and cognitive function).

* It protect again nerve degeneration 

4. Role in homocystine system

* It reduce the concentration of homocystine ( It is an amino acid in blood formed from methionine ) higher concentration of homocystine cause several heart problems

Step of absorption of Vitamin B12

* Dietry B12 bind to proteins in stomach and it makes it free vitamin B12

* Free B12 binds with haptocorrin ( which is released by saliva and stomach)

* B12 + R- protein moved towards small intestine

* Small intestine again release free Vitamin B12 

* Stomach again release  intrinsic factor which again bind with Vitamin B12 that is essential for  absorption 

*Distal illeum contain specific receptor which recognize B12 complex  and it absorbed here via endocytosis

* B12 released from Intrinsic factor after endocytosis and bind with transcobalamin2

* Which carry B12 to from plasma to liver, bone marrow and tissue

* it store mainly in liver 2-5 mg

* It store in human body for 3 - 4 years

Sources of vitamin b12

It is naturally found in animal not in plant

* Red meat

* Eggs

* Liver

* Poultry

* Fish

* Milk

* Yogurt 

* cheese 

* Fortified plant milk

* vitamin B12 supplements

* Fortified cereals

Requirement of B12

*Pregnancy

2.6 µg/day

*Lactation

2.8 µg/day

*Children

0.9–2 µg/day

*Adults

2–3 µg/day

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

* Shortness of breathing

* Weakness

* Fatigue

* Megaloblastic anemia

*  Pallor

* Difficulty in walking 

* Memory loss

* Depression

* Dementia

*Mouth ulcer

* Diarrhea

* weight loss 

* Loos of appetite 

* Beefy red tongue

Causes

* Malnutrition

* Vegetarian

* Choronic alcoholism

* proton pump inhibitor

* long term usage of metformin

*Gastrechtomy

* Celiac disease

Prevention

Take these items as per mentioned on  the above requirement 

*Red meat

* Eggs

* Liver

* Poultry

* Fish

* Milk

* Yogurt 

* cheese 

* Fortified plant milk

* vitamin B12 supplements

* Fortified cereals

Treatment of B12 deficiency

*  when absorption is disturbed Injection therapy should be recommended

* Intramuscular for patient with initial case 1000ng daily in 1 week

* 1000weekly in 4 weeks for secondary case

* 1000mg in 1 month for life time for severe case and life time treatment

* Oral therapy is available if patient deny from injection 

For more about other vitamin e.g vitamin A visit this sitehttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/02/importance-and-deficiency-of-vitamin-in.html

Reference


 WHO -World Health Organisation
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


 


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