Is UTI a treatable disease? what are its signs, symptoms and treatment. Introduction

introduction 

              The abbreviation UTI  and its full form is Urinary Tract Infection. It is an infection caused by microorganism in the urinary tract and any part of it. The parts of urinary system is urethra, urinary bladder, ureter and kidney. When microorganism inter in to the body from external environment and effect the urinary system of human body is called urinary tract infection.

All microorganism include bacteria is the most , virus, fungi and paracites. These are the  micro -organisms they cause UTI

Escherichia coli (E. coli) (80–90%)

               Urinary tract infection is mostly caused escherichia coli that is a bacteria.

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterococcus species
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

How a microorganism effect the human urinary tract?

              When an individual doesn’t care their hygiene than it is an opportunity for micro-organism to inter the body of an individual and effect them. In  case of UTI at the beginning micro-organism inter into urethra where it start its colonization and after making its colony it ascend toward the second urinary organ that is bladder when it inter in this area here their colonization further  increase because the micro-organism have already got colonized from outer and they inter into the bladder side with high colonization that is totally difficult for immunity to handle it therefore it further increased its colonization here as a result inflammation occur in this area. Where the sign of inflammation occur e.g redness, swelling, warmness, pain and loos f function of that area. for about inflammation https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/08/what-is-inflammation.html

These inflammatory sign are the response of immune system here immune try to overcome the infection. As a result painful urination occur, Increase urine frequency and lower abdomen discomfort if the disease will not be treated, it will ascend toward main organ of urinary system. The infection move toward kidney where it cause pyelonephritis and this type of infection show its sign and symptoms e.g chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and flank pain the back of kidney.

Classification and types of UTI

1. According to Site

Lower UTI

Actually Urinary tract is divide into two parts upper and lower parts. Upper of Urinary tract contain Kidney and ureter, and the  lower tract contain urethra and bladder.

Urethritis (Urethra)

If the urethra got infection that is called urethritis.

Cystitis (Bladder)

If the bladder got infection from Micro organism that we called cystitis.

 

Upper UTI

Pyelonephritis (Kidneys)

Infection of kidney or nephron is called pyelonephritis.

Ureter

Infection of ureter is ureteritis.

for more the kidney https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/04/what-is-kidney-and-what-are-its.html

2. According to Severity

Uncomplicated UTI

 When the UTI doesn’t affect other area other that location that is called uncomplicated UTI and is easily treatable.

Complicated UTI

If the UTI got additional effect in the body that is called complicated UTI e.g Pyelonephritis ,Renal abscess and  Sepsis

 

Recurrent UTI

When a UTI attack on an individual  and get recovery after some time they again attack on the person that is called Recurrent UTI.

Catheter-Associated UTI

              When the UTIs is happened due to catheterization that is called Cather- Associated UTI

 

3.           According to Symptoms

Symptomatic UTI

In this type of UTI bacteria are present in the urine and urinary system they also show their sign and symptoms is called Symptomatic UTI.

Asymptomatic UTI

In this type of UTI bacteria is present in the urine and urinary system and they doesn’t show their sign and symptoms is called Asymptomatic UTI.

Sign and symptoms of the UTI

 On the basis of classification UTIs has two types one is upper UTI and second is Lower UTI both show some different sign and symptoms.

Lower UTI sign and symptoms

·       Painful urination

·       Increase the frequency of urination

·       Burning sensation

·       Hematuria

·       Cloudy urine

·       Suprapubic

·              Foul-smelling urine

Upper UTI sign and symptoms

·       High fever

·       Chills

·       Flank pain

·       Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

·       Nausea and vomiting

·       Fatigue

·       Malaise

Diagnosis of UTI

A-    Urine analysis

It is the deep study of urine to identify the actual issue in which we identify

·       Pus in the urine ( pyuria)

·       Blood in the urine ( hematuria )

·       Nitrites

·       Leukocytes esterase in the urine

B-    Urine culture

                                           In this type of testing the identification of micro organism will be done  and also decide which type of antibiotic should be prescribe for it.

C-    Blood test

       There are several blood test should be performed  to identify infection

·       CBC ( complete blood test)

·       ESR ( Erythrocytes  sedimentation rate )

·       CRP ( C- reactive protein)

·       Serum creatinine

·       BUN   (Blood Urea and Nitrogen)

D-    Imaging test

       Normally there is no requirement of imagining test for UTI in rare ln rare when it is suspected to affect the kidney and there is any obstruction for that purpose Imaging test should be performed

·       Ultras sound

·       C T SCAN

 

Treatment of UTI

Antibiotic will be prescribed to the patient

§                              Ciprofloxacin
§  Amoxicillin-Clavulanate
§  Fosfomycin
§  Nitrofurantoin
§  Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole

§  Ceftriaxone

If the condition is more serious than  we change the mode of medicine

·        Antibiotic will be given to the patient through IV

·       IV fluid will be administered

Some supportive medicine will be prescribed

·       Antipyretics

·       Analgesics

·       Increased fluid intake

·       Urinary analgesics (Phenazopyridine)

Prevention

·        Drink sufficient amount of water and keep your body hydrated

·       Do not hold urine

·       Maintain personal hygiene especially around the genital area

·       Keep the genital area dry

·       Avoid unnecessary catheterization

·       Urinate after sexual intercourse

·       Avoid unnecessary use of  spermicide

The susceptibility of UTI is more expected in female than male why?

        There is high possibility of UTI in female rather than male due to these  reasons

·        The length of urethra is shorter that’s why any micro organism can easily inter into  the urinary bladder

·       Anus and urethra is close to each other E.coli from intestine and anus easily inter into the urethra

·       Sexual activity can cause UTI because during intercourse all the foreign particle around the might be pushed toward the urethra that can cause UTI

·       During pregnancy hormonal and anatomical change cause the decrease the flow of urine and increase UTI

·       Menopause in this stage reduce estrogen can cause change in the tissue of vaginal urinary system that might be susceptible for UTI

 reference
WHO -World Health Organization
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention