What is esophageal cancer?

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Introduction
              Esophagus is a part of GIT ( gastro intestinal tract ) which has four layer that is extended between pharynx and stomach that is important for passage of any ingested diet into stomach for digestion. It is 25-30 cm long and 2-4cm wide. It start from C6 ( cervical) bone to T11 ( thoracic  bone ).
Esophageal cancer is a condition in which abnormal or uncontrolled cell division begin in the lining of esophagus and these uncontrolled cell division become tumor or malignant tumor formed on the lining of Esophagus that cause esophagus to not allow food into the stomach if food will not available for that Individual  as a result their body get suffered due to unavailability of require substance for their survival e.g carbohydrates, fat, protein, mineral and water. For more about stomach https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-is-stomach-and-their-role-in-human.html


Type sof esophageal cancer
1-      Adenocarcinoma
In this type of esophageal cancer malignant formed on the lower part of esophagus toward the stomach that is called adenocarcinoma.
2-      Squamous cell carcinoma:
In this type of esophageal cancer malignant tumor formed on the middle or upper portion of the esophagus  called squamous cell carcinoma.
Sign and symptoms of esophageal cancer
1-      Dysphagia
 It is the  condition in which a suffered one unable to swallow food into the GIT tract or stomach is called dysphagia.
due to malignant tumor the whole esophagus is suffered and painful.
2-      Odynophagia
It is the condition in which a suffered one able to swallow food but that swallowing  is painful.
Due to malignant tumor esophagus suffered that is unable to pass further away due to that tumor.
3-      Chest pain
The malignant tumor spread around the esophagus that cross all the layers of esophagus and approach the surrounding tissues e.g tissues of chest when these tissues get pain from any source they produce the unusual sensation  called pain in this case pain happen due to malignant tumor.
 
4-      Regurgitation
It is the condition in which content of esophagus flow back into the mouth due to the blockage of esophagus ( tumor have completely or partially block the esophagus) food content unable to move on toward stomach as a result they start their movement back into the mouth.
5-      Weight loss
 when suffered one is not eating food due to painful swallowing there is shortage of energy to overcome this shortage body begin to use the store formed of energy as a result weight loss occur.
6-      Heartburn
It is the burning sensation behind the sternum due to regurgitation an acid reflux  into the esophagus that cause heart burn because if the tumor is formed near esophageal sphincter that cause sphincter to not completely
Close as a result acidic content flow back into esophagus.  
7-      Hoarseness
It is the late symptom of esophageal cancer when the malignant tumor spread through out the esophagus and at last they approach the larynx where it affect  recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), that control larynx as a result voice change that condition is called hoarseness
8-      Hematemesis
It is the condition  of vomiting blood which occur during esophageal cancer because there are several tumor formed in the esophagus when they get rapture they also compelled small blood vessel to  burst in the esophagus as a result hematemesis  occur. for more about blood vesselshttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/05/what-is-circulatory-system-and-human.html
9-      Choaking while eating
Choaking occur during esophageal cancer because the peristaltic movement of esophagus disturbed during the cancer as a result when they inter into esophagus they will  not be able to move toward stomach as a result choaking occur.
10-  Halitosis
When food accumulate above the tumor or any area of the esophagus during esophageal cancer that food begin to decomposed by bacteria and they produce gas during this process that gas is bad in odor we called them halitosis.
11-  Excessive salivation
During esophageal cancer the suffered one unable to swallow saliva due to dysphagia as a result saliva accumulate in the oral cavity,
 
Cause of esophageal cancer
     
1-    Smoking
2-      Drinking alcohol
3-      Drinking hot liquids
4-      Obesity
5-      GERD ( gastroesophageal reflux disease)
6-      Nutritional deficiency for more about https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/02/vitamin-e-and-their-importance-in-human.html
7-       HPV ( Human Papilloma virus)
8-      Achalasia( blockage of lower esophageal sphintcher)
9-      Radiation
Diagnosis
1-      History
2-      Inspection
3-      Upper GI endoscopy
4-      Biopsy
5-      Barium swollow
6-      CBC

7-      PET scan proton emission tomography
8-      Endoscopic ultrasound
9-      CT scan

Treatment
1-      Radio therapy
2-      Chemotherapy
3-      Surgery
4-      Targeted therapy

5-      Immunotherapy

6-      Chemoradiotherapy


 
 reference

WHO -World Health Organization
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


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