What is human circulatory system and how is the arrangement of human blood vessels are ?

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Introduction

              Human circulatory system is a network of several organs like heart and blood vessels which together and transport all requirement e.g oxygen, nutrient, hormone and immune cells to the tissues.

human circulation is also controlled by human nervous system https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/05/what-is-nervous-system-and-how-it-is.html

 There are three type of blood vessels.

1.      Arteries

2.      Veins

3.       Capillaries

1-      Arteries

It is a type of blood vessels which is responsible for carry oxygenated blood from heart to the body except pulmonary and umbilical artery. Diameter of a medium artery is 0.1 – 1cm and its increase or decrease according to the size of artery e.g aorta have largest diameter and arterioles have smallest diameter.

Thickness of medium artery is around 0.5 – 1mm long and it increases or decreases on the basis of artery in aorta it has largest diameter and in arterioles its thickness decrease.

Composition

       It is made up of three layers

a.      Tunica adventitia ( tunica externa)

It is the outer most layer of artery which is made up of connective tissue.

Which is important for the protection of artery.

 

b.      Tunica media

It is the second pf artery layer which is next to inward from outer layer which is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fiber. It regulates blood pressure by increasing or decreasing its diameter.

 

c.       Tunica intima   

It is the innermost layer of artery which is made up of endothelial cells if we talk about its surface that is totally  smooth in nature that help them to reduce friction and make it easy for blood circulate through them.

2. vein

               It is another type of blood vessels which is responsible for bring deoxygenated blood toward heart except pulmonary and umbilical vein which carry oxygenated blood toward heart.

Composition

 

It is made up of three layers

d.      Tunica adventitia ( tunica externa)

It is the outer most layer of vein which is made up of connective tissue.

Which is important for the protection of vein.

 

e.      Tunica media

It is the second of vein layer which is next to inward from outer layer which is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fiber artery and vein both contain these structure but incase of vein it is thinner than artery . It controls the diameter of vein.

 

f.        Tunica intima  

It is the innermost layer of vein which is made up of endothelial cells if we talk about its surface that is totally  smooth in nature that help them to reduce friction and make it easy for blood circulate through them. One thing about this layer it is different from artery because it contains valves which is responsible for preventing of back flow of blood and  also help vein to flow of blood through them.

4.      Capillary

It the type of blood vessels which smallest among the blood vessels that is responsible for exchange of materials between tissues and capillary and also it also an exchange medium  between artery and vein.

Composition

               It is made up of a single endothelial layer and a basement membrane.

In the structure of capillary  it does not happen they are open 24/7 and any material inter into them without permission for that purpose there is structure that is called precapillary sphincters which allow materials to move into the capillary.

 In addition to it if there is several capillary combine they form a cluster that is called capillary bed.

Types of capillary

a.      Continuous capillary

Its  endothelial is made up of tight endothelial cells and this capillary allow selective exchange of materials and it is found in brain, muscle and lungs.  

 

b.      Fenestrated capillary

This type of capillary has  small capillary pores and that allow rapid filtration and absorption of material. This type of capillary is present in intestine, kidney and endocrine gland.

c.       Sinusoidal capillary

In this type of capillary that contain larger gap between endothelial cells and its highly permeable in this type  that allow exchange of most larger substance  e.g protein and blood cells it is found in live, spleen and bone ,marrow.



Network of of artery  through the body

1.      AORTA

              It is the largest artery of of human body  which originate from left ventricle that is divide into four sections.

a.      Ascending aorta

Sub branches of ascending aorta

1.      Right coronary artery

a.      Conus artery

b.      Sinoatrial nodal artery

c.       Right marginal artery

d.      Posterior descending artery

2.      Left coronary artery

a.      Left anterior descending

* Diagonal artery

b.      Left circumflex artery

*      Obtuse marginal artery

*     Posteriolateral branch 

b.       Abdominal aorta (descending aorta )

Branches of abdominal artery

1.      Celiac artery

a.      Left gastric artery

b.      Common hepatic artery

c.       Splenic artery

2.      Lumbar artery

a.      Dorsal branch

b.      Spinal branch

c.       Anastomotic branch

d.       Muscular branch

 

3.      Gonadal artery

a.      Ovarian artery ( in female )

Function :

                      Supply blood to ovaries

b.      Testicular artery ( in male )

Function:

       Supply blood to testes

4.      Renal artery

a.      Superior segmental artery

b.      Anterior superior segmental artery

c.       Posterior segmental artery

d.      Inferior segmental artery

e.      Anterior inferior segmental artery

 

5.      Median sacral artery

A.      Lumbar branch

B.      Terminal branch

C.      Sacral branch

6.      Superior mesenteric artery

a.      Right colic artery

Function:

                      Supplies blood to ascending colon

b.       middle colic artery

FUNCTION:

                      It supplies blood to transverse colon

c.       Ileocolic artery

Function:

                      Supply oxygenated blood to cecum, appendix, terminal ileum and beginning of ascending colon.

d.      Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery


                     

e.      Jejunal artery

Function:

                      It supplies blood to the jejunum of small intestine

f.        Ileal artery

Function:

              It supplies blood to  ileum

 

7.      Inferior mesenteric artery

a.      Sigmoid artery

Function:

       Supply blood to sigmoid colon

b.      Left colic artery

Function:

                      It supply blood to descending colon

c.       Superior rectal artery

Function:

                      Supply blood to upper part of rectum



c.      Thoracic aorta  ( descending aorta )

1.      Bronchial artery

2.      Esophageal artery

3.      Pericardial artery

4.      Posterior intercostal arteries

a.      Collateral branch

b.      Lateral cutaneous branch

c.       Spinal branch

d.      Dorsal

5.      Superior phrenic artery

d.    Arch of aorta           

Branches

1.      Brachiocephalic artery

a.      Right subclavian artery

·       Axillary artery

·       Brachial artery

·       Ulnar artery

·       Palmar artery

·       Redial artery

·       Digital artery

b.      Right carotid artery

2.      Left carotid artery

a.      External carotid artery

b.      Function:

It supplies oxygenated blood to external ear, neck muscle, teeth, jaw, face, tongue, thyroid gland, and major region of scalp.

c.       Internal carotid artery

Function:

Supply oxygenated blood to hypothalamus, pituitary area, scalp ,forehead, eyes ,interior and middle cerebral hemisphere of brain.

3.       Left subclavian artery

a.      Internal thoracic artery

b.       Vertebral artery

Function:

              Supply blood to upper part of spinal cord especially cervical region, cerebellum, posterior part of cerebrum , pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain.

 

·       Foraminal part

·       Atlantal part

·       Intracranial region

·       Pre-foraminal region

As we know that vertebral artery have two main branches left and right they divide into four above mentioned part and at last they combined to form one artery that we call basilar artery and they supply blood to brain.

c.       Thyrocervical trunk

·       Transverse cervical artery

·        Inferior thyroid artery

·       Suprascapular artery

d.      Costocervical  trunk

·       Supreme intercostal artery

·       Deep cervical artery

e.      At last after completion of branches left subclavian artery its self become axillary artery , brachial artery , radial , ulnar. Digital artery and last palmar artery.

WHO -World Health Organisation

NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention



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