What is the difference hypovolemia and hypervolemia?

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Introduction

              As we know that human body is made-up of water and other substances the concentration of water in adult male is 60%, in adult female 55% and in children is 80%. It is the amount of water that is present inside the body. These water also called fluid that is present in every  area of the body but it is categorize into two part on is that amount of fluid that is present inside the cell that is around 2/3 and the remaining amount of fluid that is 1/3 that is present out side from the cell that is the combination of Blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

If there should be any change in the concentration of these two fluid than disorder occur in the body.

When the concentration of extracellular fluid will get any type of disturbance and it change its actual amount either by increasing or decreasing we called it, volemia disorder.

When the concentration of intracellular fluid will get any type of disturbance and it change its actual amount either by increasing or decreasing we called it, osmotic disorder.


First we will discussed about volemia disorder.

It has two types

1-      HYPOVOLEMIA

When the concentration of extracellular fluid only its part intravascular fluid will get reduced from its normal value due to any cause we called it hypovolemia. The concentration of intravascular fluid is ¼ of extracellular fluid.

How hypovolemia happen and if not treated will it effect any part of body?

When the fluid  loss from the body due to any cause at that time the below pattern will followed by the body.

A-     Blood plasma decreased

B-      Venous return decreased

C-      Stroke volume of heart decreased

D-     Cardiac output decreased

E-      Blood pressure decreased for about low blood pressurehttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/01/hypotension-and-peoples-who-are-at-risk.html

F-      Tissue perfusion decreased

Because fluid is a medium of transportation blood pressure increased or decreased it depend on the concentration of fluid inside the circulation.

Causes of hypovolemia

A-     Fluid loss from the body due to ( vomiting, diarrhea, excess sweating and fever)

B-      Renal loss due to( diabetic insipidus, adrenal insufficient and  diuretics)

C-      Blood loss due to( surgery, GI bleeding and trauma)

D-     Fluid  shift out  of the vessels due to ( sepsis, burns, peritonitis, and pancreatis)

Types of hypovolemia

A-     Absolute hypovolemia

It is the type of hypovolemia in which the fluid of actual loss from the body and that cause the body to suffer from hypovolemic condition or volemic disorder.

B-      Relative hypovolemia

it is the type of hypovolemia in which fluid is present in body but in the circulation instead of in the blood vessels they shift from blood vessels to site tissues due to vasodilation as a result this condition happen with the body.

Clinical feature of hypovolemia

A-     Hypotension

B-      Cold skin

C-      Tachycardia

D-     Confusion

E-      Dry mouth

F-       Thirst

G-     Fatigue

H-     Dizziness

I-        Decreased urine out put

J-       Flat neck vein

K-      Delayed capillary refill greater than 2second.



Diagnosis

A-     High hematocrits

B-      BUN and cratenine ration elevate

C-      Electrolyte imbalance

Treatment

A-     Fluid replacement

Hypotonic solution

Ringer lactate

B-      In blood hemorragic condition blood should be transfused

C-      Treat the actual cause e.g vomiting, diarrhea diuretics.

D-     Vasso suppressor

E-      Iv fluid

F-      Oxygen therapy



2-      HYPERVOLMIA

When the concentration of extracellular fluid only its part intravascular will get increased from its normal value due to any cause we called it hypervolemia. The concentration of intravascular fluid is ¼ of extracellular fluid.



How hypervolemia happen and if not treated will it effect any part of body?

Hypervolemia is the excess amount of fluid in the blood vessels due to the retention of sodium and water in the body. When the amount of extra fluid accumulate inside the blood vessels then the below pattern followed the body

A-     Retention of sodium and water in the body

B-      It cause increase the concentration of fluid in the body

C-      Increased venous returned for more about veinous system https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/05/what-is-veinous-system-of-human-body.html

D-     Increased stroke volume

E-      Increased cardiac output

F-      Cause edema due to capillary leakage

G-     It Cause increased blood pressure

Causes of hypervolemia

A-     Excess IV fluid

B-      Heart failure

C-      Kidney failure

D-     Liver failure

E-      Hormonal cause

 

Clinical features of hypervolemia

A-     Weight gain

B-      High blood  pressure for more about high blood pressure https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/01/hypertension-and-who-is-at-higher-risk.html

C-      Edema

D-     Shortness of breathing

E-      Crackle in lungs

F-      Distended neck vein

Diagnosis

A-     Low hematocrits

B-      Low serum sodium

C-      Pulmonary congestion on chest x-ray

D-     BNP elevated

Treatment

1-      Fluid and sodium restriction

2-      Enhance usage of diuretics

3-      Oxygen therapy if pulmonary edema is present

4-      Treat underline cause

Difference between hypovolemia and dehydration?

Both of them are different due the reason in dehydration the total loss of fluid from the body the body either intracellular or extracellular fluid but incase of hypovolemia it only about the volume of intravascular fluid which decreased from its normal value.

Type dehydration.

there are three type of dehydration

1-    Isotonic dehydration 

    in this type of dehydration amount of water and electrolytes remove from the body in same concentration

2-    Hypotonic dehydration

 in this type  of dehydration amount of water secrete less than amount of electrolytes.

3-    hypertonic dehydration 

    in this type of electrolyte amount of water secrete greater than amount of electrolyte.

reference
WHO -World Health Organization
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


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