What is lymphatic system of human body?

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 Introduction

As we know that human cell require nutrients for their survival for this purpose human blood vessels transport blood for them through blood vessels but in this case blood  its self doesn't important but all those material they are present inside the blood are most important they are nutrients, electrolytes and oxygen and the red blood cells are transport medium for them but blood vessels doesn't not directly attached with the cells or tissues.

First Aorta then it divides into artery then arterioles at last capillary and their size decrease as they divide into another division e.g aorta has largest size and capillary has the smallest size.

In the capillary there are small pores they are semipermeable through these pores small molecule cross them and move into interstitial spaces ( small molecule include electrolyte, glucose, water and oxygen).

They cross the semipermeable membrane due to hydrostatic pressure after moving these molecules into the interstitial space they called interstitial fluid this is the area from where every cell collect nutrients as per they require and also transport their waste into the same location we can called it  is an exchange area.

Thereafter now this is the  time to collect back  all the interstitial fluid into the blood for that purpose protein in the blood play a vital role in this movement they apply a pulling force on interstitial fluid and they move into the blood vessels ( the pulling force is called oncotic pressure most of the protein that apply oncotic pressure is albumin). But not all fluid move into blood vessel 90% of them reabsorbed into blood vessels and the remaining one required to back flow into blood there are unable to attract toward albumin due to low concentration for. that purpose nature has created another system which collect the remaining one and allow them to back flow into the blood that system.is called lymphatic system. The lymphatic system containing fluid is called lymph.

What is the composition of  lymphatic capillary and lymphatic system? 

Lymphatic system is made-up of network of lymphatic capillary and lymphatic vessels at first near to tissue side lymph capillary are present they collect the remaining interstitial fluid from that space into lymphatic capillary in this capillary there interstitial fluid become lymph. endothelial flap valve when the pressure increase in interstitial space they push these valves then they open and the fluid mover inward into the capillary of lymphatic system after entry of fluid they produce pressure that pressure closed the endothelial valve and open the bicus valve that is present inside of the lymphatic system and prevent the back flow of lymph.

After collecting lymph capillary pass it into lymphatic vessels which drain into lymph nodes  here lymph node monitor all lymph and allow it to move on.

The lymphatic vessels which bring lymph towards lymph nodes is called affarent lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic vessels which move away lymph from lymph node is called efferent lymphatic vessels.

Thereafter several small  lymphatic vessel combine to form large one is called lymphatic trunk and the lymphatic trunk drain into lymphatic  duct.

There are two type of duct they are involve in lymphatic  system

1. Left thoracic duct

This duct collect all lymphatic trunk of the body from the left side of head , neck, left upper limb and left  side of chest , they also collect lymphatic duct trunk from   below the diapharam including abdominal and lower extremities. 

2. Right lymphatic duct

This duct collect all lymphatic  trunk they are present in the upper side of body like head, arms and chest

* After duct lymph inter into blood the left thoracic duct inter into left subclavian  vain and right lymphatic  duct into right subclavian vein 

Duct drain into right subclavian vain 

* Right subclavian vein to right internal jugular vein then into right brachiocephalic vein at last both inter into superior vena cava then into right atrium.

* Left subclaviann vein into left internal jugular vein then into  left brachiocephalic vein at last both inter into superior vena cava then into right atrium.

How many layers does lymphatic vessels and cappalarie have?

Lypmhatic capillary have only one layer and lymphatic vessels have three layers like blood vessels.

* Outer layer

Tunica adventitia made-up of connective tissue this layer give protection to lymphatic vessels

* Middle layer

Tunica media made-up of smooth muscle this layer help in the movement of lymph by his contraction

* Inner layer

Made-up of simple sequamous epithelium this layer contain valves that prevent back flow of lymph.

What is lymphatic trunk and How many lymphatic trunk are present?

Lymphatic trunk is the larger lymphatic vessel that is made-up of combination of many lymphatic vessels.

There are five lymphatic trunk

1. Right and left jugular trunk

 It collect lymph from head and neck

2. Right and left subclavian trunk

 It collect lymph from upper lymph

3. Right and left Bronchomediastinal trunk

 It collect lymph from thoracic cavity like heart and lungs

4. Right and left lumbar trunk

 It collect lymph from lower limb and pelvis side

5.intestinal  trunk

It collect lymph from abdominal duct

How  these trunk drain their lymph into duct?

All these trunk drain lymph into duct 

Right jugular+ right subclavian + right bronchomediastinal trunk drain into right lymphatic duct

Left jugular + left subclavian + left bronchomediastinal trunk + intestinal trunk + both lumbar trunk into left thoracic duct

What is lenticel?

Lenticel is a specialized capillary of lymphatic system that are present in small intestine which are responsible for the absorption of fat molecules into lymphatic vessel because blood capillary pores are smaller for fat molecule they doesn't move inward for that purpose lenticel are present.

What are lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes are small bean like setructure they are present throughout the lymphatic system that is responsible for filtering the blood they contain white blood cell they find out foreign particle and destroy them it is made-up of white blood cells.

 Some  of the lymph nodes and their location is 

* Auxillary lymph node

* Cervical lymph node

* Chest lymph node

* Abdominal lymph node

* Inguinal lymph node

What is spleen?

Spleen is one of the important organ of lymphatic system that is present in the left side of thoracic cavity just below the diapharam behind the stomach and above the kidney.

It has two parts

white pulp

It is responsible for filtering the blood from foreign particles

Red pulp

It is responsible for distroy old red blood cells

Function spleen is

* Filter the blood and remove old red blood cells

* Compete with the foreign particle and wipe it out

* Breakdown heamoglobin and reuse iron from old red blood cells

Fore more about human body visit this page

https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-is-stomach-and-their-role-in-human.html

Reference


 WHO -World Health Organisation
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention










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