How diabetes insipidus affect the normal human body? What are the sign and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

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Introduction

 Diabetes insipidus is one of hormonal disorder in which the dysfunction of  hormone e.g ADH( Anti diuretic hormone) is responsible for water absorption in kidney due to this water unable to store in the body they secrete out from the body after every short period.

It is different from diabetes mellitus because in that type of diabetes glucose doesn't able to inter into cell but in this case water doesn't able to absorbed in the kidney they cause hundred of problem because water is the requirement of each and every cell even our blood that is composed of 50% plasma that is 90% water. For more about diabetes mellitus visit this sitehttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/01/diabetes-and-its-impact-on-human-being.html

ADH function route

* This is a hormone synthesized by hypothalamus and store into the posterior lobe of pituaittary gland

* Act on the collecting duct

* When blood become concentrated hypothalamus detect it release ADH in the collecting duct of kidney

* In kidney ADH absorb water properly these make blood isotonic and urine become concentrated

 When these mechanism unable to perform its function properly diabetes insipidus occur




Types of diabetes insipidus

1.Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

 * It is a type of  diabetes insipidus in which hypothalamus release ADH hormone in the response of concentrated blood but the doesn't response to ADH hormone as a result water doesn't absorb in the kidney and the blood become more and concentrated and the suffered face more and more thirst

Cause

* Choronic Kidney disease

In normal condition ADH act on collecting duct of kidney but in chronic disease of kidney the tubules are damaged when ADH wants to  send a signal to tubules of nephron where they are damaged and unable to receive the message as a result dilute urine pass through  kidney without the absorption of water

* Hypercalcemia

High calcium reduce the sensitivity of tubules  to water as a result diabetes insipidus occur

* Genetic disorder

Mutation in aquaporin-2 channel gene and V2 receptor gene due to this water channel doesn't formed and ADH cann't bind properly respectively as a result duabetes occur 

* Drugs

Lithium is the drug which cause the blockage of ADN binding site as a result diabetes insipidus occur

* Low potassium 

Potassium is important for normal kidney function when the concentration of potassium reduced  as a result kidney unable to response to ADH properly  and diabetes insipidus occur


Treatment

*  Stop lithium intake 

* Low salt diet intake 

*  Thiazide diuretics

* NSAIDS



2.Neurogenic Diabetes insipidus

* It is  a type of diabetes insipidus in which the part of brain (hypothalamus) which is unable to release or release in lesser amount of ADH which is not capable to overcome stimulus as a result water accumulate in the body and not absorbed by the kidney.

Cause

* Pictuatry surgery

* Brain tumor

* Head trauma

* Infection

* Idiopatic

Treatment

*Desmopresin

*Adequate hydration



3.Gestational diabetes insipidus

It is a type of diabetes insipidus which happen during pregnancy period actually the placenta which release a hormone called vassopressinase which break down ADH hormone that cause such type of diabetes insipidus as a result water accumulate in the body but the kidney doesn't response to it

Cause

Pragnancy ( third trimester )

Treatment 

Desmopressin

4.Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

In this type of diabetes a person drink a large amount of water that is actually not the requirement of normal body they drink due to abnormal thirst due to this ADH suppress which become unable to response water in the kidney as a result water accumulate in the body.

Cause

* Hypothalamic disease

*Psychiatric disorder

Treatment

* Behavioral therapy

* Psychiatric management 

Sign and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

* Excessive thirst

* excessive  dilute urine pass- out

* Headache 

*  Excessive Urination 

* weakness

* Urination in nigh time

* Dry skin

* Dehydration

* Fatigue

*  High sodium level

Sign and symptoms in children

* Bed wetting

* Poor feeding

* Fever

* Irritability


Reference


 WHO -World Health Organisation
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


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