How diabetes insipidus affect the normal human body? What are the sign and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

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Introduction

 Diabetes insipidus is one of the hormonal disorder in which the dysfunction of   ADH( Anti diuretic hormone) occur ,  which is responsible for the  absorption of  water in kidney. The dis-functioning  of  ADH result  where in kidney   unable to store water in the body or unable to inter water  in the circulation instead of absorbing,  it secretes out water  from the body after every short period of time.

It is different from diabetes mellitus because in that type of diabetes glucose doesn't able to inter into cell but in this case water doesn't able to absorbed in the kidney they cause hundred of problem because water is the requirement of each and every cell even our blood that is composed of 50% plasma that is 90% water. For more about diabetes mellitus visit this page https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/diabetes-and-its-impact-on-human-being.html

ADH function route 

* This is a hormone synthesized by hypothalamus and store into the posterior lobe of pituitary gland

* Act on the collecting duct of nephron of kidney 

* When blood vessels  become concentrated hypothalamus detect it and  release ADH in the collecting duct of kidney

* In kidney ADH absorb water properly these make blood isotonic and urine become concentrated

 *    When the activation of ADH or the activated ADH unable to perform its function properly  as a result water will no able to inter into the circulation that condition is called  diabetes insipidus.




Types of diabetes insipidus

1.Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

 * It is a type of  diabetes insipidus in which hypothalamus release ADH hormone in the response of concentrated blood but the kidney doesn't response to ADH hormone ( response of kidney mean absorption of water ) as a result water doesn't absorb in the kidney and the blood become more  concentrated and the suffered one  face more and more thirst,

Cause

* Chronic Kidney disease

In normal condition ADH act on collecting duct of kidney but in chronic disease of kidney the tubules are damaged when ADH wants to  send a signal to tubules of nephron where they are damaged and unable to receive the message as a result dilute urine pass through  kidney without the absorption of water

* Hypercalcemia

High calcium reduce the sensitivity of tubules  to water as a result diabetes insipidus occur

* Genetic disorder

Mutation in aquaporin-2 channel gene and V2 receptor gene due to this water channel doesn't formed and ADH can't bind properly respectively as a result diabetes occur 

* Drugs

Lithium is the drug which cause the blockage of   V2-receptor signaling pathway and reducing aquaporin-2 receptor which result  decrease the result of ADH on kidney as a result diabetes insipidus occur.

* Low potassium 

Potassium is important for normal kidney function when the concentration of potassium reduced  as a result kidney unable to response to ADH properly  and diabetes insipidus occur

Treatment

*  Stop lithium intake 

* Low salt diet intake 

*  Thiazide diuretics

* NSAIDS

2.Neurogenic Diabetes insipidus

* It is  a type of diabetes insipidus in which the part of brain (hypothalamus) which is unable to release or release in lesser amount of ADH which is not capable to overcome the stimulus  which is received from the blood vessels as a result water accumulate in the bladder and not absorbed by the kidney as a result that individual fell increased the frequency of urination.

For more about nervous system how it control the body and its function visit this pagehttps://www.healthduhs.org/2026/05/what-is-nervous-system-and-how-it-is.html

Cause

* Pituitary surgery

* Brain tumor

* Head trauma

* Infection

* Idiopathic

Treatment Neurogenic Diabetes insipidus

*Desmopressin

*Adequate hydration

3.Gestational diabetes insipidus

It is a type of diabetes insipidus which happen during pregnancy period actually the placenta which release a hormone called vasopressin  which break down ADH hormone that cause such type of diabetes insipidus as a result water accumulate in the bladder  and release from the body  but the kidney doesn't response to it to absorb it.

Cause

Pregnancy ( third trimester )

Treatment 

Desmopressin

Adequate water intake

4.Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

In this type of diabetes a person drink a large amount of water that is actually not the requirement of normal body  function they drink due to abnormal thirst as a result  ADH suppressed by large amount of drinking and ADH   become unable to response water in the kidney at last  water accumulate in the bladder and secrete out with out absorption.

Cause

* Hypothalamic disease

*Psychiatric disorder

Treatment

* Behavioral therapy

* Psychiatric management 

Sign and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

* Excessive thirst

* excessive  dilute urine pass- out

* Headache 

*  Excessive Urination 

* weakness

* Urination in nigh time

* Dry skin

* Dehydration

* Fatigue

*  High sodium level

Sign and symptoms in children

* Bed wetting

* Poor feeding

* Fever

* Irritability

Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus 

Sing and symptom which expose diabetes insipidus

Prevention from diabetes insipidus 

*     Monitor lithium

*     Keep your body hydrated

*    prevent your self from head injury

*    Monitor kidney function test

For more about the function of kidney visit this page https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/04/what-is-kidney-and-what-are-its.html

Reference


 WHO -World Health Organization
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


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