What is kidney and what are its function?

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Introduction

Kidney is an organ of urinary system which is responsible for filtering the blood, removing wastes from the body maintaining the fluid hemostasis of body and also maintain the ph of body fluid.

Location

*Upper side of Kidney is  located in the side of thorasic bone 12  and lower part of kidney is located in the side of  lumber bone 3 both are located  in the side of body not 

Present  in the middle area of body.

We can say they are located in  between  thorasic and abdominal cavity 

*Right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney 

* Left kidney is larger than the right one

* length of kidney is 11cm 

*width of kidney is 7cm

* thickness of kidney is 3cm



Composition

*Kidney has three layers the outermost layer is capsule

* Next to outer layer which is toward inward is renal medulla

* Renal medulla has a setructure like pyramid called renal pyramid 

*  In the same  medulla  there  are several pyramid there is a region between these pyramid is called renal column

* The end portion of renal medulla is called renal papilla of pyramid there after inner layer of kidney is started

 

* The most inner layer of kidney is renal pelvis

* Renal pelvis has three region they are called calyx.

* The region which is attached to renal papilla of pyramid is minor calyx

* The region which is between renal pelvis and  minor calyx is called major calyx

* The last region  which is next to major calyx  is called  renal pelvis

* And the  renal pelvis become ureter 

* The shape of kidney is lima bean

* The medial portion of each kidney is concave in setrecture this concave portion is called hilum

* Hilum is a way of entrance  for renal artery, renal vein and ureter.

Blood vessels of kidney

Network of Artery in kidney

* Abdominal artery which inter into the kidney through hilum

* In the renal pelvis region abdominal artery divide into further smaller artery called segmental arteries

* Segmental artery further divide into smaller artery called lobular artery which is just the starting of renal pyramid

* In the renal column region of renal medulla that lobular artery named as inter lobular artery

* after this chain lobular artery named as arcuate artery at the upper side of renal pyramid 

* At last arcuate artery divide into smaller branches called inter lobular artery

* After this chain inter lobular artery

Divide into arterioles called affarent arteriole

* Thereafter arteriole become capillaries that is called glomerulus

* After glomerulus the blood vessel is efferent arteriole

* Here efferent arteriole further make another  capillary called peritubular capillary this is end region artery thereafter vein region is start.

 Network of vein in kidney


* Inferior vena cava which attached to renal cava

* Renal  vein which inter into the kidney through hilum

* In the renal pelvis region renal vein divide into further smaller vein called segmental vein

* Segmental vein further divide into smaller vein called lobular vein which is just the starting of renal pyramid

* In the renal column region of renal medulla that lobular vein named as inter lobular vein

* after this chain lobular vein named as arcuate vein at the upper side of renal pyramid 

* At last arcuate vein  divide into smaller branches called inter lobular nephron 



How kidney  filters blood?

Kidney filters blood through their special basic unit setructure  called nephron. Their are millions of nephron  are present in each kidney which filter the blood.

What is nephron?

Nephron is the basic setrcture of kidney  it is just like the building block of kidney  for the purpose of filtering blood without nephron kidney is non functional.

digram of  nephron is present  below. 

Nephron has 7 main regions

1- Glomerulus

2- Bownman's capsule

3- Proximal convulated tubule

4- Descending limb of loop of henle

5- Ascending limb of loop of henle

6-  Distal convuluted tubule

7- collecting duct 

What is glomerulus?

Glomerulus is a capillary which is present in the  kidney.

What is the function of glomeruls?

The function of Glomerulus is same

Like other blood capillary it carry blood and one thing more it is semipermeable and has larger holes in their membrane than regular capillary this feature make it eligible for filtering the blood.

Whem blood comes here with their high pressure after striking with the wall of  glomerulus all smaller molecules which can cross the holes of glomerulus and go to side area but the larger molecules can't cross because their size is larger the hole of  glomerulus like protein, Red blood cells and white blood cells. 

Glomerulus doesn't attached with bowman's capsule there is a membrane between them that is called basement membrane that is attached with the bowman capsule through their pedicles called podocytes

What is the  function of bownman's capsule ?

It is the region of nephron which is responsible for collecting of filtrate from glomerulus.

What is the function of proximal convulated tubule?

 It the  main region of reabsorption 

Here all of the required substance reabsorbed and move into the blood through pretubular capillary

Most of the reabsorption around 70% happen in this region and also secrete toxin and wastes into the lumen. These se substances include

* water

* Amino acid

* Glucose

* Sodium

* Chloride

What is the function of descending limb of loop of henle?

It is the region of nephron which only permeable to water it mean only water will absorb here no any substance will reabsorb here like sodium and pottasium this make the filtrate more concentrated.

What is the function of ascending limb of loop of henle?

It is the region of nephron which is responsible for only reabsorption of salt no water will absorb here this  make filtrate more dilute.

What is the function distal convulated tubule?

*It is the region which absorb sodium ions through aldosterone hormone and calcium ions through PTH hormone

*  It secrete pottasium  and hydrogen ions to maintain ph of filtrate

What is the function collection duct?

It is the final stage of urine formation in which water again reabsorbed through vesopressin hormone and also reabsorb urea.

For more about human internal organ visit our website

https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-is-function-of-liver-in-human-body.html

 Reference


 WHO -World Health Organisation
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention





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