DIABETES TYPE 1 AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN BEING
Introduction
Every system require energy to perform its function e.g all vehicles need fuels to move from one place to another such like this that human being is also a largest system it require energy to perform its function e.g walking, running. speaking and sleeping etc. That energy is the requirement of our each and every part of the body cell we called, an energy currency of human body that is called ATP.
When ATP will available in our body as well as cell they perform their function properly. without ATP they will not perform their function properly and gradually die when this condition persist.
ATP formed by another energy that is called glucose when glucose ( end product of our food that we daily intake ) will available in the cell ATP form continuously and the entire system of the body become comfortable here is the basic understanding glucose itself doesn't able to enter into the cell. However it require another substance to transport glucose into the cell that substance is called insulin. Its a hormone secreted by the Beta cells of pancreas. Some cell of human body that does not allow glucose to enter into their body through their boundary without permission, for this purpose they require this hormone called insulin ), in the presence of insulin, glucose will transport into these types of cell e.g muscle cell, cardiac cell and adipose cell. Here insulin is the is the permission provider for the cells to take glucose.
First insulin released by the beta cells of pancreas when the concentration of glucose level increased in blood thereafter it move toward those cells that require insulin for the entry of glucose for this purpose they have receptor on their surface, this receptor is made up of protein. when insulin released by the beta cells of pancreas after getting signal of high glucose level in the blood it goes toward that specific cell and bind on that receptor they had been created for insulin. When insulin will bind with these receptor glucose easily enter into the cell and body perform its function that receptor is called GLUT-4.
In diabetes those cells of body that required insulin for the entry of glucose does not get glucose efficiently, due to the deficiency of insulin or and any substance in the body they doesn't allow insulin to transport glucose, as a result diabetes occur.
There are two types of diabetes type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 diabetes or Diabetes mellitus
This type of diabetes is called diabetes mellitus in which insulin beta cell unable to release insuline, which is the requirement of body cell to allow glucose enter into the cell. That insulin is secreted by the Bets cell of pancreas these Beta cell does not secrete insulin as a result those cell they require insulin for the purpose of providing permission to glucose to enter into the cell, these cell deprived from glucose and the glucose level start to accumulate in the blood, that over accumulation is harmful for human being, such type of condition is called diabetes mellitus or diabetes type 2.
Diabetes will occur in days to week in any age either children, adult and old.
Sign and symptoms of diabetes type 1
1. Hyperglycemia ( high level of glucose in the cell)
When the body doesn't use glucose as a result the concentration of glucose increased in the blood.
2. Insulin deficiency ( pancreas unable to release insulin )
Beta cells of pancreas unable to release insulin as a result glucose will not provide to the cell and it accumulates in the blood.
3. Body use proteins and fats ( for their energy requirement instead of glucose.)
Body use glucose which is the end product of carbohydrate but when glucose will not provided by the carbohydrate body start to use fat and protein which is not a normal condition for human health.
4. Frequent urination in night time
When the concentration of glucose increase in the body kidney begin to secrete out from the body with the help of urinary system to maintain homeostasis of body.
During this type of diabetes high blood glucose cause increase the demand of body to secret it out .
in Diabetes the patient feel frequently urination.
5. Excessive thirst
When the body secrete out glucose that will not only glucose, for urination ,water will also released with glucose and the concentration of water decreased in the body and the patient feel more and more thrust.
6. Excessive hunger
Body cells doesn't get energy due to insulin deficient to overcome such type of deficiency they send a signal to the brain to provide a message to the body to intake any amount of meal that is hunger.
7. Weight loss
fat and protein they are the setructural part of our body and also they maintain the weight of body by their presence the weight of body is measurable . When the body begin to use these proteins and fats as a result mass of body decrease that we called weight loss
9.Blurred vision
High concentration of glucose in the body redirect water toward eyes they interfere with the lens of eye as a result blurred vision occur.
10. Fatigue
Body Required glucose to provide energy due to the deficiency of glucose body fell weak due to energy deficient and the body stop the ATP production due to deficient of glucose to conserve more ATP they promote the condtition that we called fatigue.
Due to energy deficit mood of patient consistently change.
12. Dry mouth
In diabetes the patient wants to urinate frequently after some time due to high level of glucose in the body body urge to excrete glucose, water also secrete due to such type of condition dehydration occur as a result dry mouth happen with that patient.
13. Slow wound healing
After getting injury to recover from injury body require energy when the energy will not provide to body definetly that wound take longer time to heal.
14. Infection
During high glucose level in blood it is the opportunity for any foreign particle to grow easily because glucose act as a neutrient for them as a result infection occur rapidly when a patient exposend to foreign particle.
15. Breath smell
During diabetes body use fat as a result sweet smell occure in breath due to the breakdowning of fat.
16. Blood flow distrubance
During diabetes high glucose presence in the blood vessel , this high concentration of glucose effect the blood vessel by loosing the elasticity as a result blood doesn't flow easily.
causes of diabetes millitus type 1
1. Autoimmune disorder
The immune system of body attack on the beta cells by declaring them as a foreign particle when the beta cell destroy, no insulin will produce in the body and the glucose left behind due to no insulin.
2. Genetic code
If any person have a history of diabetes in their family it might possible in future any of their offspring to get suffered from diabetes e.g from parents to offsprings.
3. Viral Infection
Some viruse looking like the beta cells of pancreas after the response of immune system they destroy foreign particle and immune cell simultaneously as a result diabetes occur due to the distruction of insulin by declaring them as foreign particle.
4. Toxins
Some toxin from environment directly attack on beta cells in which immune system direct act upon both of them as a result diabetes occur due to insulin absence.
5. Diet
Diet is not a direct cause but it is secondary cause of diabetes e.g sugar stress beta cell, when beta cell stressed by sugar immune system act upon beta cell and declared beta cell as a foreign particle and attack on them.
Treatment of diabetes
1. Blood glucose monitoring
Monitor glucose through glucometer every day to update your health status
2. Insuline therapy
It is a medicine used to maintain blood glucose for the purpose of treatment of excessive hyperglycemia ( high glucose in the body).
3.Exercise
Exercise is important because during exercise fats and mucles cell uses large amount of glucose as a result the concentration of glucose decreased.
For more about exercise
https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/benefits-of-exercise-and-its-impact-on.html
4. Diet
1.Whole grain
2.Vegetable
3.Fruits with peel
4.Drink enougj water
5.Avoid sugar drink and sugar diet
6.Fixed meal time
7.Match insulin dose to carbohydrate
Medicine
1.Insulin
2.Pramlintide
3.Metformin
4. Glucagon injection
5. ACE inhibitor
1.Monitor children if they have any type of deficient early administer them through antibody
2. Vaccinate for infection
3. Avoid exposure to environment toxins
4. Healthy diet
For more about medicine visit the mentioned link
https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/prevention-and-medicine-for-diabetes.html
How to diagnose a patient with diabetes?
* At first initial symptoms provide by the patient and the signs that we will collect during initial assessment that allude toward diabetes
* It will diagnosed by blood glucose test
1- fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
| less than or equal to 126 mg/dL | ||
| 3- Hour plasma glucose during OGTT | less than 200 mg/dL and greater than 140mg/dl | ||
| 4- HbA1c below 5.7% is normal if this increased from 5.7 % and 6.5% that is pre and diabetes respectively | |||
References
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