DIABTES TYPE 2 AND ITS SIGN ANF DYMPTOMS?
Introduction
Every system require energy to perform its function e.g all vehicles need fuels to move from one place to another such like human being is also a largest system it require energy to perform its function that energy is the requirement of our each and every part of the body cell we can called , it is an energy currency of human body that is called ATP. When ATP will available in our cell they perform their function properly without ATP they will not perform their function properly and gradually die when this conditions persist.
ATP formed by another energy that is called glucose when glucose ( end product of our food that we daily intake ) will available in the cell ATP form continuously and the whole system of the body become comfortable here is the basic understanding glucose itself does inter into the cell however it require another substance to transport glucose into the cell that substance is called insulin. Its a hormone secreted by the beta cell of pancreas. Some body cell of human body that does not allow glucose to inter into them for this purpose they require this hormone called insulin in the presence of insulin will transport to these types of cell e.g muscle cell, cardiac cell and adipose cell.
First insulin released by the beta cells of pancreas when the concentration of glucose level increased in blood thereafter it move toward those cells that require insulin for the inter of glucose, for this purpose they have receptor on their surface this receptor is made up of protein when insulin released by the beta cells of pancreas after getting signal of high glucose level in the blood it goes toward that specific cell and bind on that receptor they been created for insulin when insulin will bind these receptor glucose easily inter into the cell and body perform its function, that receptor is called GLUT-4).
In diabetes those body cells that required insulin for the entry of glucose that does not get glucose efficiently, due to the deficiency of insulin or and any substance in the body they doesn't allow insulin to transport glucose as a result diabetes occur.
In the second type of diabetes the body does not use insulin properly despite the presence of insulin.
It is totally different from type 1 in that case due to the deficiency of insulin glucose begin to accumulate in the body however in this type the body doesn't use insulin instead of their presence. Those cell they require insulin for the entry of glucose, they don't use insulin as a result glucose doesn't inter into the cell and begin to accumulate in the body. Such type of diabetes is called type 2 diabetes.
There are several factors they involve in such type of problem.
Causes of diabetes type 2
1. Pancreatic beta cell disfunction
These cell produce insulin to compete with the glucose but in this case there are some resistance in the body they resist the insulin produced by the beta cell and make it unable to compete with the glucose and the beta cell doesn't able to overcome this resistance as a result glucose level increase in the body.
2. Insulin resistance
The body cell like muscle, lever and fat cell doesn't response to insulin as result glucose accumulate in the body.
3. Genetic code
Parent having diabetes increase the chance of diabetes in the children because some thing that are in the gene can transferable to another generation.
4. Lifestyle
Any person they do not active physically Or not doing exercise, due to this the intake of glucose by the cell reduce as a result glucose accumulate in the body.
5. Obesity
In this type of body actually there is higher amount of fat in the abdominal side this make a resistance for insulin transport glucose.
6. Age
Due to lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes increase in 40+ age because above 40 years an individual and the biology , biochemistry and immune system of his body change and the body is least able to compete with the changes in the body
7. High blood pressure
High blood pressure is itself not a cause of diabetes but it cause a resistance for it. During high BP blood vessels contract and narrow due to this the flow of blood toward muscle and other tissues is reduced as a result insulin will not be able to alone approach that type of cells, gradually diabetes occur.
If we discuss about the sign and Symptom it is not mandatory for diabetes to become symptomatic because in most cause diabetes is asymptomatic therefore monitoring blood glucose is mandatory after every month for normal human health.
But we will discussed some of them.
Early sign and symptoms of diabetes type 2
1.Increased hunger
Cell will not get glucose due to the resistance for insulin that don't approach cells as a result body begin to alert the body through the hunger.
2. Increased thirst
High glucose in the blood pull water from the surrounding body towards itself as a result feeling of thirst increase.
3. Fatigue
Glucose can't inter into the cell due to the deficiency of insulin as a result muscle unable to maintain its activity e.g contraction or relaxation as a result fatigue occur.
4.blurred vision
High blood sugar shift water toward eyes due to this lens unable to reflect light as a result blurred vision occur.
5.frequent urination
During high glucose in the blood for homeostasis purpose kidney excrete glucose due to this fluid decrease in the body and body urge urination.
6. Slow healing
High blood glucose decrease blood flow toward tissue as a result wound healing slow.
Complicated symptoms of diabetes 2
1. Numbness in hands and feet
High blood sugar damage small peripheral nervous system ( those nerve they transfer message from hands and foot toward brain) as a result these part less sensible for external stimulus.
2. Skin infection
Due to low circulation of blood and glucose toward skin it make the skin more favourable for microrganism and they begin infection
3.Gum disease and teeth problem
In this conditions low blood circulation toward gums and high concentration of glucose in the saliva as a result bleeding disease occur for more about oral cavity https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/07/what-is-oral-cavity-is-stomatitis-is.html
4. Sexual dysfunction
High blood sugar damage nervous of sexual organ and low blood circulation toward that organs as a result in male it cause ejaculation problem and in female it cause the dryness of vagina.
5. Fluctuation in weight
When the body start to use protein and fat instead of carbohydrates as a result weight of the body loos and if they does not use glucose due to the reason glucose accumulate in the body and the weight of the person increased.
6. Darkened skin
High insulin release from the pancreas and it doesn't approach the cells of body it compelled the cells of skin to grow as a result darkened skin occur in these regions armpit, groin, neck and under brest.
Diagnosis
1. Random blood sugar test
Check blood plasma after taking meal it should be less than 200mg/dl.
2. Fasting blood sugar test
After 8 hours of taking meal blood sugar should be test it is called fasting blood test the value of this test should be less than 100mg/dl
3. HbA1c test
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin it mean amount of glucose attached with RBCs in the blood normally small amount of glucose attached with RBCs and we know that the life span of RBCs is 120 days.
The attachment of glucose with RBCs depend upon the amount of glucose, when the amount of glucose is higher the attachment will be higher vise versa. By performing this test we get knowledge about the average concentration of glucose about three months.
Less than 5.7% is normal
5.7% to 6.4% is pre-diabetic
greater than 6.5% is diabetic
4. Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT)
When After 2 hour of taking glucose blood sugar will test It is called OGTT the value for this test is greater than 140 mg/dl and less than 200mg/dl.
with help which devise we can monitor Blood Glucose
Devise used for blood sugar testing is called Glucometer
Treatment
1. Diet
Carbohydrate should be intake as per the amount of insulin
2. Exercise
Exercise increase the metabolic activity when metabolism increase the amount of glucose in the body take up by the cell for the purpose of making energy as a result the level of glucose decrease in the body.
3. Weight loos
Lost weight assist body to take glucose because when the weight of body increased in the abdominal side the fat tissues release fatty acid and inflammatory substance which can affect the signals of insulin as a result diabetes occur.
Medicine
1. Biguanides
2. Sulfonylureas
3. Alpha glucosidase inhibitor
4. Thiazolidinedionea
5. Insulin therapy
For more about medicine for diabetes 2 visit
https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/prevention-and-medicine-of-diabetes-2.html
Prevention
1.Promote exercise
2.Maintain balance diet
3.Maintain body weight as per your age
4.Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol
For more about the prevention of diabetes 2 visit
https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/prevention-and-medicine-of-diabetes-2.html
References
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