What is the difference between AIDS and HIV?

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Introduction

              Before starting the introduction of both of them we will understand the full form of HIV and AIDS.

HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency  Virus )

AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

 HIV is a virus which attacks on the body of human and after attacking it act as a living organism and start their population there which is harmful for human.

AIDS it is a syndrome which is caused HIV

What is syndrome?

              Syndrome is an abnormal  condition of body in which several sign and symptoms appear together and the exact cause of that condition is either known or unknown.

Incase of AIDS the cause is known because this happen due to HIV but it effect several system as a result different sign and symptoms together.

What is AIDS?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an abnormal condition of body which is caused by HIV.

This is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome because in the classification immunity it has two classified groups one is that immunity that we got the time of birth that is called inborn or innate immunity and the second type of immunity which will get setup after exposing with the foreign particle that is called acquired immunity. In this condition the immune system of that suffered person unable to compete with that foreign and not capable to adapt that  particle it mean there is a deficiency in that system.

In AIDS the HIV  attacks on the type of T- lymphocytes called CD-4  T- helper cells ( two kind of T- lymphocytes  CD-8 and CD-4 cells these classification on the basis of receptor on the surface) when HIV attack on these cells at that time the number of these will decrease and the main role of T-helper cell is, it activates B-lymphocytes which produce antibodies against foreign particle to kill them accurately if the activation of B- lymphocytes will get affected it mean they will unable to combat with antigen. for more about immune system 

This condition is the best chance for another microbes to servive their lives here and also development of cancer because there is already lower number of CD-4 cells and they are unable to send any message to B-lymphocytes where they synthesize antibody against any foreign particle it mean if there is no any antibody provider that is one of the opportunity for any microbes to start their generation here and suffered that person from different disease that is why in AIDS there is risk of tuberculosis (TB), Pneumonia, Candidiasis and Kaposi Sarcoma.

HIV composition

Human immunodeficiency virus  is an enveloped RNA retrovirus that belongs to the lentivirus group it is composed of genetic material, proteins, enzymes and lipid envelope.

Envelope

It is the outer covering of HIV which is made-up of lipid bilayer  and glycoprotein.

Two main proteins are there

·       GP – 41

It hold GP-120 with the layer of virus and also help in the fusion of virus

·       GP – 120

It is the outer region  of glycoprotein which is responsible for the attachment of virus with host cells

 

Capsid

         It is the cone shaped protein coat which is present in the center of virus  which is responsible for the protection of viral genome and that capsid is made-up of  P-24

Genetic Material

              HIV contains two single strands of positive sense RNA

Enzyme

It has three most important enzyme which are responsible for the replication of virus

·       Reverse transcriptase

This enzyme is important for the conversion of viral RNA to DNA during transcription phase

·       Integrase

This enzyme combine the DNA of host with the DNA of Virus .

·       Protease

This enzyme convert the large synthesized protein of virus into smaller piece during the formation of new virus.

 

Life cycle of HIV

It has seven phases where it complete its multiplication process in the host cell

1-      Binding 

It is the first phase of HIV virus where it attach with the  receptor of CD-4 cells through their own receptor GP- 140

2-      Fusion 

It is the second phase where it transfer its genetic material into the cell of host.

3-      Uncoating 

In this phase the virus will un-coat their capsid as a result their genetic material move out from their capsid.

4-      Reverse transcription 

In this phase the virus convert their RNA into DNA through an enzyme called Reverse transcriptase enzyme

5- Integration 

In this phase the transcript DNA get combine with the DNA of host and this attachment will be done by integrase enzyme

6-      Transcription and translation 

In this phase the cell perform their activity as per their routine and the synthesized protein will be viral protein but it has synthesized by the ribosomes of host

7-      Assembly  

In this phase all the synthesized material will combine together near to plasma membrane.

8-      Budding 

In this phase the HIV contain host cell pushed out that synthesized material  and making them for become ready to mature

9-      Maturation 

In this phase the large fragment of protein get cut into smaller and functional pieces where it become functional virus that can affect other host cell,

 

Phases of HIV

              HIV has three clinical phase on behave of that we will understand that either it is preventable or not

1-      Acute phase

This phase occur within 2-4 weeks after infection.

In this phase

·       CD-4 cell count decrease

·       Viral load increase

·       HIV multiplies quickly

In this phase some peoples are asymptomatic and some have these symptoms

·       Rashes

·       Sore  throat

·       Fever

·       Fatigue

·       Swollen lymph node for more about lymphatic system https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/04/what-is-lymphatic-system-of-human-body.html

2-      Latency phase

This phase is totally asymptomatic phase in which immune gradually slow down, CD-4 cells slowly decrease and HIV is active and slowly reproduces.

The duration of this phase is from 8 to 10 years if this will not get treated  and the will capable to transfer HIV to anyone during this phase.

3-      AIDS phase

This   phase happen when the treatment will not performed at the  time  before become it serious. It is the very dangerous phase  where several chances for opportunistic disease where CD-4 counts 200cells/mm3



SYMPTOMS

·       Severe weight loss

·       Extreme fatigue

·       Chronic diarrhea

·       Persistent fever and night sweats

·       Skin and mouth problem

·       Neurological problem for more about nervous system https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/05/what-is-nervous-system-and-how-it-is.html

·       Swollen lymph node

Causes of HIV and AIDS

·       Blood exposure

·        Unprotected sexual contact

·       Mother to children

·       Healthcare with exposure of HIV

Treatment

1-     Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

This block the further multiplication of HIV

2-     NRTs ( nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

This drug inhibit reverse transcriptase enzyme for the conversion of RNA into DNA

3-     NNRTs ( non- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase enzyme )

Also block that reverse transcriptase but in different way

4-      Protease inhibitor

This drug inhibit protease in budding phase that enzyme is responsible for the maturation of HIV

 

5-     Integrase inhibitor

This enzyme inhibit integrase enzyme which is responsible for the attachment of DNA of host and DNA of virus.

6-     Antibiotic for bacterial infection

7-     Antifungal for fungal infection

8-     Nutritional support 

for more about nutrition https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/03/importance-of-vitamin-b5-in-our-daily.html


 Reference


 WHO -World Health Organisation
NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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