What are platelets and clotting factors?

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Introduction

              Human blood is liquid in nature that it flow from heart to every cell of the body and from that cell back to the body through the blood vessels for more about blood vesselshttps://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/05/what-is-circulatory-system-and-human.html  When that blood vessel get injured in any of its part at time blood start to flow out of the blood vessel instead of inside when the flow of blood will not be  stop that it must cause the decrease of blood volume and at last its result will be the death of that person however for protection of this process nature has created another system that is responsible for not allow blood to out of the blood vessels after injury.  When any blood vessel get injured at time this system get activation and regenerate that injured area. Two main factors are responsible in this event one is platelet and another is clotting factor both combine together and form clot at that area which prevent from further leakage of blood.

e.g if we want to make a wall for that purpose we require two fundamental things one is block and another is cement we will be able to add one block on another when we apply cement between them that make it strong. By using this example we consider our platelet is block and cement is clotting factor after combination of platelet and clotting factor it makes a clot of blood at the injured area.

What are thrombocytes or platelets?

              Thrombocytes or platelets are a fragment of cell that are totally colorless and present in  the blood. They are not complete cell because they lack nucleus.

Composition of platelets

              It is made  up of

·       Cell membrane

It contain receptor that help it during clot formation by sticking  with other platelets and make plague there.

·       Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm contain enzymes, calcium, granules and other clotting factors

Function of platelet

              When any area of body  get injured at that time platelet get activate and go toward that area where platelet attached to one another and form a plug that is called platelet plug. This plug provide a  wide surface for clotting factors  to work efficiently and this process accelerate the whole clotting process or coagulation.

Inside the cytoplasm of platelet there are granules they release growth factor which are responsible for the repairing of damaged cell.

Platelets also release serotonin and thromboxane A2 they make the blood vessel narrow to reduce the flow of blood to that area.

Last main function of platelet is the formation  of hemostasis ( stopping bleeding).

There are two steps of hemostasis

1.      Vasoconstriction

In this step blood vessel of that area become constrict for the purpose of preventing the flow of blood to outside of the blood vessel.

2.      Platelet plug formation

Formation of platelet plug have several steps

·       Adhesion

Platelets attached to collagen to the collagen of that damaged area this attachment  is enhanced by Von Willebrand factor.

·       Activation

Activated platelet change its shape to become sticky and also release granules

Where they develop spiky  projection.

·       Aggregation

Platelets stick to each other by using fibrinogen bridge

3.      Coagulation third process is the releasing of clotting factors

4.       Clot retraction

In this step platelet contract and shrink the clot this contraction pull the edge of wound together.

5.      Fibrinolysis

After healing  now it is the requirement of that area to dissolved the formed clot from that area  in this step an enzyme play a vital role that is plasmin.

What are clotting factors?

              Clotting factors are protein In nature which are present in the plasma of blood and most of them are synthesized by the liver and circulate in the blood in inactive form and after its activation it starts its chain reaction.

              Composition of clotting factor

              They are proteinous in nature and circulate in the blood in inactive form

There are several type of clotting factor

1.      Factor I ( Fibrinogen)

It is soluble plasma protein produced by the liver which convert into fibrin through thrombin and this fibrin traps platelets, RBCs and other plasma protein.

2.       Factor II ( Prothrombin )

This clotting factor is Vitamin K dependent and synthesized by liver which convert into thrombin. This activates factor XIII and platelets.

3.      Factor III ( Tissue factor )

This factor is released by damaged tissue which activate factor VII and this is important for emergency clotting.

4.      Factor IV ( Calcium )

This is mineral that is present in the blood that is important for clotting.

5.      Factor   V ( Labile factor )

This type of factor works with factor X which convert prothrombin into thrombin.

6.       Factor VII ( Stable factor)

This factor is also vitamin K dependent this factor work with tissue factor to activate factor X

7.      Factor VIII (  Antithemophilic Factor A)

It helps to activate factor X

 

8.      Factor IX ( Christmas factor )]

This type of factor is also vitamin K dependent  which activate  factor X with factor VIII for more about vitamin k https://healthduhs.blogspot.com/2026/02/importance-of-vitamin-k-its-deficiency.html

9.      Factor X ( Staur power Factor )

This factor activates prothrombin into thrombin

10.  Factor XI (Plasma thromboplastin antescedent)

It activates factor IX

11.  Factor XII ( Hageman Factor)

It start intrinsic pathway( activated by damaged inside blood vissels)

12.  Factor XIII ( Fibrin Stabilizing Factor )

This type of factor stabilize fibrin clot by cross linking fibrin fibers

 

normal range of platelets

150000 to 450000 platelets per microliter

less than 150000 will be low platelets or thrombocytopenia  and when the it cross 450000 platelets per microliter that is called thrombocytosis

WHO -World Health Organisation

NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


 

 

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