WHAT IS ANEMIA? WHAT ARE THE SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA.

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 Introduction

 Each cells of human body require oxygen for their survival. For that purpose the vascular system of human body  provide adequate  oxygen  to each and every cell of the blood as per requirement.

Here blood is the main source of oxygen transporter to the cells. Blood contain several substances however  two of them Red blood cell and Hemoglobin play a vital role in the transmission of oxygen.

When the concentration of Red Blood Cell and Hemoglobin decreased from its normal value due this reason  the transmission of  oxygen will be limited  to cells  and tissues as a result they doesn't perform  its function accurately. This conditions is called anemia.

What are RBCs?

* A cell with out nucleus made in bone marrow  that  contain hemoglobin

*    RBCs is biconcave in structurally 

* Life span of RBCs is 120 days

* After 120 days it will be raptured by Spleen

Hemoglobin

* It is made up of two particles one is hem that means  Iron and another is  globin that means globular protein

*    Each  globin particle contain four chain of  ammino acid and each hem particle contain 4 hem both of them combine to form hemoglobin 

* Its  Function is to deliver oxygen from lungs to cell and tissues.

*    One hemoglobin can bind with 4molecules of oxygen

*    Oxygen bind with hemoglobin reversible 

Types of anemia

1. Normocytic anemia

In this type of anemia the size of RBCs is remain same but the number  of RBCs reduced this lead to decrease the follow of oxygen toward cells and tissues.

Causes:

*Poor iron production 

*Loos of RBCs

* Destruction of RBCs]

* Low erythropoietin

*Decreased RBCs production

2. Microcytic anemia

 In this type of anemia the size of RBCs become smaller than their normal size due to this the decreased size of RBCs unable to transport oxygen effectively to the cell. Small size RBCs contain less internal space that is not enough for hemoglobin  due to this limited hemoglobin unable to full fill the  requirement of body as a result such type of anemia occur that is called microcytic anemia.

Causes

*  Low iron

* Poor iron utilization

* Heme synthesis defect

* Iron Synthesis defect

* Enzyme inhibition

3. Macrocytic anemia

 In this type of anemia the size of RBCs larger than its normal size  due to the increased size of RBCs and  their wall become weak due to abnormally increased their size they unable to transport oxygen 

to the cell. During their transmission of  oxygen to the cell they burst during their journey  and failed to deliver oxygen.

Causes

*Vitamin B12 deficiency 

For more about Vitamin  B12 visit this  page https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/02/role-of-vitamin-b12-and-its-related.html

* Folic acid deficiency 

For more about folic acid visit this age

https://www.healthduhs.org/2026/01/folic-acid-and-their-function-in-human.html

* Liver disease

* Alcoholism

* Hypothyroidism

*Drugs 

* Bone marrow disorder

4. Nutritional anemia

 Type of anemia caused by the deficiency of essential nutrient that are the requirement of RBCs production . Essential nutrients are Iron, Folic acid and vitamin B12. These nutrients are most important for the production of RBCs

Causes

* Folic acid deficiency

* Iron deficiency

*Vitamin B12 deficiency 

* Amino acid required for hemoglobin deficiency 

5.Hemolytic anemia

When the Immature RBCs rapture faster than the bone marrow replacing  it or before completing its life span as a result such type of anemia occur that is called hemolytic anemia

Causes

* Genetic case

* Autoimmune 

* toxin

* Cancer

* Drug

6. Aplastic anemia

 A type of anemia  which happen due to the un-ability of bone marrow to form RBCs is called Aplastic anemia . The reason behind un-ability of bone marrow to form RBCs might be any cause that destroy RBCs forming cell and replace marrow with fat tissue as a result they unable to continue their function as normal. 

Causes

* infection

* Radiation

* Chemicals

* Drugs

* Genetic code 

* Autoimmune disorder

* Inherited causes

7. Anemia of chronic disorder

 A type of  anemia which happen due to the long lasting infection, inflammation and other chronic disease which cause poor iron utilization and RBCs production  as a result such type of anemia occur.

Causes

* Chronic disease

* Presence of tumor

* Artheritis 

* Tuberclosis

8. Genetic anemia

This type of anemia occur due to defect of gene in parents and it expose in their offsprings that is called genetic anemia

Causes

* Red blood cell enzyme defect

* Red blood cell membrane defect

*Hemoglobin synthesis disorder

* Inherited bone marrow  disorder syndrome

* Iron metabolism defect

9. Iron deficiency anemia

 Such type of anemia occur due to the deficiency of iron in the body because iron is the important element of hemoglobin without iron there would be no existence of iron due to this no iron mean no formation of hemoglobin and their will be no oxygen transport to the cell and this condition is refer as anemia.

Causes 

* Decreased iron absorption

* Increased iron demand in body

* Inadequate iron intake

* Chronic blood loose

Diagnostic test for anemia

*    Hemoglobin

*    MCV ( Mean corpuscular volume)

*    MCH ( Mean corpuscular hemoglobin)

*    Reticulocytes count

*    Peripheral blood smear

*    Stool ocult blood test ( It is the test to find the cause of anemia )

*    Vitamin B12 and folate test ( It is the test to find the cause of anemia )

*    Hemoglobin electrophoresis  ( It is the test to find the cause of anemia )

*    Serum ferritin test ( It is the test to find the cause of anemia )

*    Serum iron test ( It is the test to find the cause of anemia )

Prevention from anemia

* Balanced diet

* Prevent blood loose

*Prevent infection

* Prevent toxins

*Genetic counseling

* Health monitoring 

*Iron and folic acid tablet during pregnancy

Treatment

* Identification which type of anemia is this

* Maintaining nutritional health

* Regular health checkup

* Increased hydration 

* Enhance rest

*Blood transfusion  in severe case

*Nutritional supplementation e.g Folic acid, Vitamin B12 and iron

* Identification which type of anemia is this

References


 WHO -World Health Organization

NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention


 

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