hypothermia ? What are the signs, symptoms and effect of hypothermia on human being?

 Introduction:

Hypothermia is a medical condition in which the temperature of human de accelerate from normal value to lowest value the exact value for hypothermia is when the temperature of human falls from 37°C or 98.6°F to 35°C and 95°F it is called hypothermia. In this condition the vital organ of human unable to work properly and gradually move toward failure. Such type of conditions where the whole body temperature internally or externally falls down this is called hypothermia.

In normal condition when the temperature of body falls due to external factor  or internal factor, it again move toward its normal condition to maintain thermoregulation. It will maintain the low body temperature by increasing metabolism, enhancing shivering, contraction of blood vessel and by conservating the  heat produced by body. When this mechanism unable to relocate the reduced temperature this condition is called hypothermia.

What are the Cause of  hypothermia?

Hypothermia has several causes it depend upon factor eitherly the factor is internally or externally.

In case of  causes  hypothermia has two category . Cetegory one is internal source and category 2 is external source.

Internal source of hypothermia

Stroke 

During stroke the  temperature control centre of body hypothalamus also demage due to this change the  temperature of body unable to maintain it become hypothermic

Brain injury 

In the case of brain hypothermic temperature control centre of body hypothalamus changed in structuraly or in chemistry that's why the temperature of body changed and become hypothermic

 Trauma

Due to trauma when the body expose to external environment in this stage the production of heat inside the body is less than the  heat released from the body as a result the become hypothermic

Sepsis

During this condition the inflammation and infection effect the hypothalamus as a result temperature of body reduced.

Second reason several cytokines released during sepsis that effect hypothalamus and temperature of body reduced person become hypothermic

Hypothyrodism

In severe hypothyrodism, thyroid gland which secrete thyroid harmone  to increase metabolism unfortunately in such condition the harmone absence due the absence of this harmone metabolism rate decrease also energy production decrease and body become cool.

 Burns

Skin protect the heat to released into environment in this condition burned skin unable to preserve heat as a result  large amount of heat released from the body and that patient become hypothermic.

Malnutrition

During malnutrition the calories required  for energy production is reduced as a result the body unable to maintain energy become hypothermic and second reason less calories low fat formation as a result unable to insulate body temperature.

External sources of hypothermia

By drinking cold water

Due to cold weither

Light clothing During cold wind

By sleeping on cold surface

With light dress during rain and snow

By using alcohol

Cause vasodialation more  blood circulation to skin as a result more energy lost to environment and cause hypothermia.

By using sleeping peels

Decrease muscle contraction and muscle unable to release energy.

Second thing during the action of sleeping pills hypothalamus unable to response to body to produce heat as a result body become hypothermic

By using antidepressant

 same effect of sleeping pills

Sedative drugs(Those drugs that make a person sadate)

Peoples without home

Elderly

Infant 

Mental dieses

Surgery

Different  types of hypothermia

Stage 1: Mild  hypothermia

32°C to 35°C 

90° F to 95°F

Cold  pale skin

During this stage of hypothermia the blood flow to the body slighty

Down from its normal routine as a result the body initially become pale in in colour due to less circulation of blood

Weakness

During hypothermia the deliver energy to muscle used in shivering for the movement of muscle require extra energy and body unable to provide  it that's why the person feels weakness

Confusion

Hunger

During hypothermia the rate of metabolism increase as a result the body demand more energy and the suffered person feel hungry.

Shivering

During mild hypothermia when the body observe change in body thermal state body want to maintain it through shivering.

Slured speech

During hypothermia muscles of that  organs include in speech specially lips, tongue and throat unable to relax and contract for proper speech this the reason behind slured speech during hypothermia.

Stage 2: Moderate  hypothermia

28°C to 32°C

82°F to 90°F

Shallow breathing

Slow pulse

Shivering frequently 

Drawness

Stage 3: Severe hypothermia

Less than 28°C

Less than82°F

Blue lips

During sever hypothermia  flow of oxygen slow to every part of the part that's why without the presence of oxygen body hypoxic and that time lips seems bluish.

Coma

During severe hypothermia the rate  of metabolism is reduced due to this condition the production of energy of also reduced brain require continues energy for his function but hyperthermia energy requirement is slow and also oxygen transmissions to brain is also reduced  gradually brain unable to perform his function, suffered person move toward confusion and leterally divert into coma.

Unconcious

Dialated pupil

In normal condition brain stem control the pupil to contract and dialate in severe hyperthermia the function of brain stem decreased that's why brainstem unable to control pupil. At last pupil stay in dialated state.

Cardiac arest 

In severe hyporthermia the output of heart slow second point rate of heart will also slow and the regularity of pulse become irregular at last by the combination  of these 

things cardiac arrest will happen.

Absence of shivering

In severe hypothermia when the metabolism stops the energy required for muscle contraction and relaxation purpose in reaponse muscle unable to shiver more.

Second thing in severe hypothermia the control center of brain hypothalamus unable to body temperature due to low temperature and low energy supply.

Diagnosis of hypothermia

1.Body temperature measurement

2. Investigating about cold exposure 

3.sugar test 

4. Blood test

5. Electrolyte

6. ECG

7. Oxygen level

Treatment of hypothermia

1.Remove wet clothes 

2.Move toward warm area or heatup body thorough external source

3.Warm drink

4. Avoid rubbing body(Because rubbing cause skin injury because the skin already in fragile condition to protect heat production and cause heart rithem irregularities)900

5. Cover with dry or hot blanket

Medical treatmet of hypothermia

Their is no direct medicine to treat hypothermia but some medical treatments are available that treat other changed chemistry that happend during or after hypothermia 

Oxygen 

 For hypoxic condition

Glucose

For low glucose 

Dopamine

 For low blood pressure

IV fluid 

For electrolyte treatment

Antibiotic

 For any infection that cause hypothermia

References

 WHO -World Health Organisation

NIH- National Institute Of Health)

 CDC- Centre for Disease Control and prevention