What is fever? What are the early sign and symptoms of fever
Introduction:
The body of a human will perform its activity in
normal condition because each of human being is sensitive to temperature they have fixed temperature that is normothermia.
The temperature will be categorize into two groups one is surface and another is core body temperature The vaule of normal body temperature in surface is almost 36.5° C to 37.5° C or in Frenhite it is 97.7°Fto 99.5°F this value of temperature is only for Auxillary or armpit. Second important thing oral temperature is 37°C to 98.6°F the same value is applicable for tympanic.
The last one is core body temperature rectal temperature that is 37.5°C to 99.6°F.
When the temperature will increase from its normal value its called fever.
Why core body temperature is higher than surface body temperature?
The surface body temperature is directly exposed to external environment due to his exposure they maintain temperature according to environment and the core body temperature is not directly expose to external environment their is less chance of loos of heat this is the main reason, core body temperature is higher than surface body temperature.
When the temperature increase from its normal that is called fever , pyrexia or hyperthermia that patient ia called febrile.
How and when the temperature of human body increase?
When the body of human beings detect any type of defect , other foreign particles or suddenly body chemistry change at that time it send a message to brain part hypothalamus or the immune sysytem release pyrogen and foreign particle release toxin these toxin compel the brain to change the environment. When the brain received it they expect now this temperature is not enough for body that's why i have to increase the temperature. Through these methods brain increase the temperature of body
Blood vessel contraction
As a result brain send a signal to blood vessels to contract when the blood vessels contract the movement of loos of heat from the body will be diminished that temperature will increase the internal body temperature instead of moving out as a result body feel cold.
Muscle shivering
Brain also send a message to muscle to start sheviring through this method muscle increase the temperature of body as a result temperature increase.
Metabolism
Brain send a signal to body to increase the consumption of glucose and increase the energy production as a result the whole temperature increase.
Stop Sweating
Brain also send message to body to stop the sweating vecause sweat loos the heat body after moving out when sweat does produce heat will retain inside the body as a result the body temperature increase
When the brain send messge to these parts after receiving the body when the body take action on them the whole temperature increase and shevering stop.
Why brain increase the body temperature ?
Because most of the bacteria require iron as a neutrient for their servival during fever the braun send a message to immune to immune cell to deactive iron for this purpose immune cell release a harmone called hepacidin that is most important to hide iron from blood and also decrease the absorption of iron and hide iron inside the lever. Due to deficiency of iron for foreign particles they start to die due to nutrition deprived.
But here is important thing the iron in hemoglobin part of RBCs will not loos its iron but the new cell have low intensity of iron.
Types of fever pattern
There are four main types of fever pettern
1. Intermettent fever
It is the type of fever in which the body temperature will fall to its normal value once in a day it s called intermettent fever.
In these condition such type fever will be seen
UTI(Urinary tract infection )
Blood infection(septicemia)
Early stage of TB( tuberculosis)
Malaria
Why temperature fluctuate during intermittent fever?
Because in such type of fever the foreign particle start to grow inside the cell after penetration in this time toxin of that particle is not exposed to blood when the infected blood cell brust the toxin that was present inside the cell now it is expose to blood in this time the brain again increase the body temperature this will happen after onces in a 24 hours.
2. Remittent fever
In this type of fever the temperature will fluctuated falls or rise without returning to its normal value such type of fever is called remittent fever.
Severe tuberculosis
Typhoid fever
Brucellosis( bacterial infection)
Infective endocarditis (infection of endocardium
3.Constant fever
In this type of fever the temperature contineously inrease without approaching his normal value is called constant fever.
The value of fever fluctuate less than 1°C.
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis or TB
PneumonUTI
Severe UTI
4.relapsing fever and its causes
It is a type of fever in which the fever on and off after a period of time e.g a patient suffered from fever today it will diminished after sometime when the person realize that i am healthy now again the fever attack after one or more than one day, even week it is called relapsing feve.
Causes
It is mostly caused by the bacteria
Genus Borrelia the exact cause depend whither it is louse borne or tick borne
Symptoms of fever
1. Appearence of chills
2. Presence of shivering
3. Weakness
4. Fatique
5.joint pain
6. Muscle pain
7.Headache
8.Nausea or vomiting
9.loss of appetite
Symptoms of fever
1.Dehydration sign
2.Rapid heart rate( Tachycardia)
3. Rapid breathing (Tachapnea)
4.warm skin
5.Elevated temperature
What happen if fever will not be treated?
Fever itself is not a disease its a symptom if it will not treat and keep it for long time then it will become a cause of several disease
First thing if mild fever around 38°c and 100°F will persist fatigue, loss of appetite and headache.
Second stage high fever greater than 39°C or 102°F when this stage of fever will persist for long time fluid loos from the body through dehydration ( sweating ) they may lead low blood pressure, weakness and kidney problem.
Severe headache, muscle ache.
Increased heart rate and breathing rate this may distrub the heart and lungs.
Very high fever greater than 40°C or 104°F
It is severe condition in which there is a chance of effect to brain like confusion, delirium and seizure
Second chance with condition is organ will affect mainly heart, lungs and kidney.
Last important fact about but it is rare condition extremely high fever with infection like sepsis can lead to septic shock( condition in which severe blood pressure lead to malfunction of main organ like brain , heart and kidney).
Prolonged normal fever from days to weak
Weakness, weight loss and malnutrition
When to seek medical care?
Fever is equal to or greater than40°C or104°F for three or more than three days.
Shortness of breath
Vomiting
Stiff neck
Severe headache
The sign and symptoms for children adult and adult areslightely differ from each other
In children crying, poor feeding and irritability is common but in childre from 5months to 6 year there is chance of seizure in them
In adult headache, chills and aches.
In elder confusion the prominet sign of fever.
Treatment of fever
There are two main goal to treat fever the first one is to reduce temperature and the second one is the main cause behind which is causing fever.
Thing that have to perform first
1. Provide rest by laying them on the bed or the suaitable area
2. Provide fluid like water, ORS and juice to maintain osmoregulation.
3. Light clothing
4. Keep in cool or normal temperature environment
5. Keep sponging for 10 to 20 minutes.
What is sponging?
Wiped the body in these anatomical regions forehead,armpit, neck, groin and legs with a piece of cloth by deeping it within a water wich has a temperature of 30 to 35°C this prodecure will reduce the fever by normal condition.
Usage of cold water and ice is restricted because if these will be use fever again elevate.
Anticeptic drug to reduce fever
Paracetamol is first choice for all children
Ibuprofen
Asprin only for adult
These drugs only reduce the temperature will not eliminate the cause wich produce it.
For bacterial infection antibiotic will be used
For Viral infect fluid, rest and paracetamol
For malaria antimalarial drug shoud be recomended
For TB anti TB therapy medicine will ve orescribed
For inflamation and autoimmune
Anti inflammatory drug should be recommended
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