What are the early stages of fever and how it effect the human body.
Introduction:
The body of a human will perform its activity in normal condition because human being is sensitive to temperature they have fixed temperature t in which they can survive and perform its normal activity that condition is called normothermia.
The temperature will be categorize into two groups one is surface and another is core body temperature The value of normal body temperature in surface is almost 33.5° C or 36.9° C or in Frenhite it is 92.3.7°F or 98.4°F this value of temperature is only for surface . Second important thing oral temperature is 37.5°C to 98.6°F the value is applicable for oral temperature.
When the temperature will increase from its normal value its called fever.
value of body temperature
1- Oral 37.°C or 97.7°F.
2- Auxillary 36.5° or 98.6°F.
3- Rectal 37.5° 0r 99.5°F.
4- Tympanic 37.°C or 97.7°F.
5- surface 33°C or 91.4°F.
Why core body temperature is higher than surface body temperature?
The surface body temperature is directly exposed to external environment due to his exposure they maintain temperature according to environment and the core body temperature is not directly expose to external environment their is less chance of loos of heat, this is the main reason core body temperature is higher than surface body temperature.
When the temperature increase from its normal that is called fever , pyrexia or hyperthermia that patient is called febrile patient.
How and when the temperature of human body increase?
When the body of human beings detect any type of defect , other foreign particles or suddenly body chemistry change at that time it send a message to brain part hypothalamus or the immune system release pyrogen and foreign particle release toxin, these toxin force the brain to change the environment of body by changing its temperature. When the brain received the signal from the body they expect this temperature is not enough for body that's why i have to increase the temperature. Through these methods brain increase the temperature of body to overcome abnormal condition and also to alert an individual about the body condition.
Blood vessel contraction
As a result of receiving a message from the body brain send a signal to blood vessels to contract when the blood vessels contract the movement of loos of heat from the body will be diminished in response to this temperature the total heat of the body increased.
Muscle shivering
Brain also send a message to muscle to start sheviring through this method muscle increase the temperature of body as a result temperature increase.
Metabolism
Brain send a signal to body to increase the consumption of glucose and increase the energy production as a result the whole temperature increase.
Stop Sweating
Brain also send message to body to stop the sweating vecause sweat loos the heat body after moving out when sweat does produce heat will retain inside the body as a result the body temperature increase
When the brain send messge to these parts after receiving the body when the body take action on them the whole temperature increase and shevering stop.
Why brain increase the body temperature ?
Because most of the bacteria require iron as a neutrient for their servival during fever the braun send a message to immune to immune cell to deactive iron for this purpose immune cell release a harmone called hepacidin that is most important to hide iron from blood and also decrease the absorption of iron and hide iron inside the lever. Due to deficiency of iron for foreign particles they start to die due to nutrition deprived.
But here is important thing the iron in hemoglobin part of RBCs will not loos its iron but the new cell have low intensity of iron.
Types of fever pattern
There are four main types of fever pattern
1. Intermettent fever
It is the type of fever in which the body temperature will fall to its normal value once in a day it s called intermettent fever.
In these condition such type fever will be seen
UTI(Urinary tract infection )
Blood infection(septicemia)
Early stage of TB( tuberculosis)
Malaria
Why temperature fluctuate during intermittent fever?
Because in such type of fever the foreign particle start to grow inside the cell after penetration in this time toxin of that particle is not exposed to blood when the infected blood cell burst the toxin that was present inside the cell now it is expose to blood in this time the brain again increase the body temperature this will happen after once in a 24 hours.
2. Remittent fever
In this type of fever the temperature will fluctuated falls or rise without returning to its normal value such type of fever is called remittent fever.
Severe tuberculosis
Typhoid fever
Brucellosis( bacterial infection)
Infective endocarditis (infection of endocardium
3.Constant fever
In this type of fever the temperature continuously increase without approaching his normal value is called constant fever.
The value of fever fluctuate less than 1°C.
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis or TB
Pneumonia
Severe UTI for more about UTI ttps://www.healthduhs.org/2026/08/is-uti-treatable-disease-what-are-its.html
4.relapsing fever and its causes
It is a type of fever in which the fever on and off after a period of time e.g a patient suffered from fever today it will diminished after sometime when the person realize that i am healthy now again the fever attack after one or more than one day, even week it is called relapsing fever.
Causes
It is mostly caused by the bacteria
Genus Borrelia the exact cause depend whither it is louse borne or tick borne
Symptoms of fever
1. Appearence of chills
2. Presence of shivering
3. Weakness
4. Fatigue
5.joint pain
6. Muscle pain
7.Headache
8.Nausea or vomiting
9.loss of appetite
Symptoms of fever
1.Dehydration sign
2.Rapid heart rate( Tachycardia)
3. Rapid breathing (Tachypnea)
4.warm skin
5.Elevated temperature
What happen if fever will not be treated?
Fever itself is not a disease its a symptom if it will not treat and keep it for long time then it will become a cause of several disease
First thing if mild fever around 38°c and 100°F will persist fatigue, loss of appetite and headache.
Second stage high fever greater than 39°C or 102°F when this stage of fever will persist for long time fluid loos from the body through dehydration ( sweating ) they may lead low blood pressure, weakness and kidney problem.
Severe headache, muscle ache.
Increased heart rate and breathing rate this may disturb the heart and lungs.
Very high fever greater than 40°C or 104°F
It is severe condition in which there is a chance of effect to brain like confusion, delirium and seizure
Second chance with condition is organ will affect mainly heart, lungs and kidney.
Last important fact about but it is rare condition extremely high fever with infection like sepsis can lead to septic shock( condition in which severe low blood pressure lead to malfunction of main organ like brain , heart and kidney).
Prolonged normal fever from days to weak
Weakness, weight loss and malnutrition
When to seek medical care during fever?
Fever is equal to or greater than40°C or104°F for three or more than three days.
Shortness of breath
Vomiting
Stiff neck
Severe headache
The sign and symptoms for children and adult are slightly differ from each other
In children crying, poor feeding and irritability is common but in children from 5months to 6 year there is chance of seizure in them
In adult headache, chills and aches.
In elder confusion the prominent sign of fever.
Treatment of fever
There are two main goal to treat fever the first one is to reduce temperature and the second one is the main cause behind which is causing fever.
Thing that have to perform first
1. Provide rest by laying them on the bed or the suitable area
2. Provide fluid like water, ORS and juice to maintain osmoregulation.
3. Light clothing
4. Keep in cool or normal temperature environment
5. Keep sponging for 10 to 20 minutes.
What is sponging?
Wiped the body with warm water in these anatomical regions forehead, armpit, neck, groin and legs with a piece of cloth by Deeping it within a water which has a temperature of 30 to 35°C this procedure will reduce the fever by normal condition.
1- Usage of cold water and ice is restricted because if these will be use fever again elevate.
2- Anticeptic drug to reduce fever
3- Paracetamol is first choice for all children
4- Ibuprofen
5- Asprin only for adult
6- These drugs only reduce the temperature will not eliminate the cause wich produce it.
7- For bacterial infection antibiotic will be used
8- For Viral infect fluid, rest and paracetamol
9- For malaria antimalarial drug shoud be recomended
10- For TB anti TB therapy medicine will ve orescribed
11- For inflammation and autoimmune
12- Anti inflammatory drug should be recommended
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